Langlois, Alec W. R.
El-Boraie, Ahmed
Pouget, Jennie G.
Cox, Lisa Sanderson
Ahluwalia, Jasjit S.
Fukunaga, Koya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5241-6062
Mushiroda, Taisei
Knight, Jo
Chenoweth, Meghan J.
Tyndale, Rachel F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-2053
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canada Research Chairs
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (PGRN U01-DA20830)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
CAMH Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI CA091912)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM130414)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJY-159710)
Article History
Received: 23 February 2023
Revised: 23 March 2023
Accepted: 30 March 2023
First Online: 14 April 2023
Competing interests
: Some of the authors declared financial and non-financial relationships and activities, and conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript as indicated in the Supplementary Materials.
: Ethical approval for these analyses was obtained from the University of Toronto (PNAT2 REB number: 25510; KIS3 REB number: 38361) and at all original participating sites of the trials.