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Authors
Hsu, Lung-An
Tran, Ngoc Yen
Juang, Jyh-Ming Jimmy
Chiang, Fu-Tien
Wu, Semon
Ko, Yu-Lin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Financial support for this study was provided through grants from the National Science and Technology Council
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Revised: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital (08-XD-005) and the Ethics and Governance Council of the TWB (TWBR11011-02, TWBR11108-01, TWBR11107-03). The CAD cohort was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital (201002015 M). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional ethical standards.
