Peitso, Valtteri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-0269
Ellis, Ron https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3067-7073
Ng, Karman https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3080-9640
Ponta, Simone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-0346
Smaida, Rana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9665-9779
Benkirane-Jessel, Nadia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3059-3559
Duarte-Delgado, Nancy P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-9307
Winkler, Tobias https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-4680
Barreto, Goncalo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-9208
Reginster, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-752X
Mobasheri, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6261-1286
Funding for this research was provided by:
Academy of Finland (336449)
Academy of Finland (351568)
Academy of Finland (336449)
Academy of Finland (351568)
European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA21110)
European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA21110)
European Commission (101095635)
European Commission (101137315)
European Commission (101095635)
European Commission (101095635)
European Commission (101095084)
European Commission (101191729)
Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba (S-EURONANOMED-22-1)
Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 8 March 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Competing interests
: T.W. currently consults for the following companies: Heraeus Medical, Pluri, Enlivex, Liposphere, Causeway Therapeutics, and ReLive. J.-Y.R. is President of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis and Co-Founder and Board member of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. A.M. currently consults for the following cell therapy companies: Kangstem, Pluri, Enlivex, and Kolon TissueGene.
: During the preparation of this work, Microsoft Copilot was partially used by V.P. to refine the text. All content generated with this tool was reviewed and edited by V.P., who takes full responsibility for the final version of the publication.