Li, Zhijie
Wang, Yue
Li, Changhua
Zhang, Jie
Xu, Shengjun
Gao, Yuan
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62276207, 62476211)
Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2025JC-YBMS-792)
Collaborative Innovation Center Fund Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education (23JY038)
Tencent Foundation XPLORER Prize
Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research utilized large language models to analyze textual data. We ensured that the model outputs were appropriately validated, and any sensitive content was removed to avoid ethical concerns related to bias or misinformation.