Xue, Jing
Wang, Xi
Zhang, Qian
Yang, Xi
Li, Chuntao
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62576148)
The National Social Science Foundation (Project No. 23VRC033)
The ”Ancient Chinese Script and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project” (Project No. G1903)
Article History
Received: 10 February 2026
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: A Chinese patent based on the methods described in this work is currently under application. The patent application number is 2026102012913, filed on 11 February 2026. The applicant is Jilin University, and the inventors include X.Y., C.L., X.J., X.W., and Q.Z. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: This work does not raise any ethical issues.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.