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Article History

Received: 20 July 2023

Revised: 25 March 2024

Accepted: 19 April 2024

First Online: 9 May 2024

Change Date: 16 May 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Editor’s Note: Readers are alerted that concerns have been raised regarding the statistical analysis presented in this article. Further editorial action will be taken if appropriate once the assessment of these concerns is complete and all parties have been given an opportunity to respond in full.

Change Date: 19 December 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-02006-x

Competing interests

: No funding was obtained for the current study. NAK, JN, and PS declare no conflicts of interest for this study. NAK is a volunteer board member of the International Society of Hypertension. JB received educational grant funding from Bayer; speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Astra Zeneca; advisory board of Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Bayer Inc. AZ received educational programme grant funding from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health; speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Eli Lilly; past advisory board of Eli Lilly.