Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Edi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-6949
Daly, Michael http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1557-8326
Sutin, Angelina http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-8974
Steptoe, Andrew http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-4943
Scholes, Shaun
Robinson, Eric
Article History
Received: 26 October 2023
Revised: 14 May 2024
Accepted: 21 May 2024
First Online: 1 June 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Each ELSA wave obtained ethics approval from different UK research ethics committees (). HRS was approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board (IRB). All participants in each study provided informed consent.