Xue, Pei
Merikanto, Ilona http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1222-6678
Delale, Eva A.
Bjelajac, Adrijana http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-0047
Yordanova, Juliana
Chan, Rachel N. Y.
Korman, Maria
Mota-Rolim, Sérgio A.
Landtblom, Anne-Marie
Matsui, Kentaro http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-5381
Reis, Catia http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6585-3993
Penzel, Thomas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4304-0112
Inoue, Yuichi
Nadorff, Michael R.
Holzinger, Brigitte
Morin, Charles M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-8895
Espie, Colin A.
Plazzi, Giuseppe
De Gennaro, Luigi http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-6631
Chung, Frances
Bjorvatn, Bjørn
Wing, Yun Kwok http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-5474
Dauvilliers, Yves
Partinen, Markku
Benedict, Christian http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-4068
Article History
Received: 16 August 2023
Revised: 22 May 2024
Accepted: 24 May 2024
First Online: 7 June 2024
Competing interests
: FC reports grants from the Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, ResMed Foundation, and University Health Network Foundation, as well as consultation fees from Takeda Pharma outside the submitted work. CAE reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and shareholder in Big Health outside the submitted work. YI reports personal fees and others from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, others from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. AML reports personal fees from Takeda, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and UCB, as well as a research grant from Aoporphan drugs. DL reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. KM reports personal fees outside the submitted work from Eisai, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mochida, MSD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical. CMM reports research grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Eisai, Idorsia, and Lallemand Health, consulting fees from Eisai, Idorsia, Pear Therapeutics, and Sunovion, as well as royalties from Mapi Research Trust, all outside the submitted work. MP reports personal fees and others from Bioprojet, others from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCB Pharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and others from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and others from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. TP reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and is a shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, and Nukute. GP reports personal fees from UCB Pharma, personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. YKW reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and others from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. LDeG reports personal fees from Idorsia outside the submitted work. BH reports minor funding from the City of Vienna, Department for Cultural Affairs, Science and Research. YD is a consultant for and has participated in advisory boards for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, Avadel, Harmony Biosciences, Idorsia, Orexia, Takeda, Paladin, and Bioprojet. All other authors have nothing to disclose.
: This study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was either ethically approved or waived in all countries, according to the national research governance and regulations. According to national research governance and regulations, the anonymous nature of survey collection did not require ethical evaluation or approval in Austria, Brazil, Finland, France, Norway, and Sweden. The data remained anonymous from the outset. Informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to their involvement in the study. Detailed information on ethical approval in each country is shown in Supplemental Table .