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Article History

Received: 21 December 2023

Revised: 1 July 2024

Accepted: 8 July 2024

First Online: 3 September 2024

Competing interests

: CLW reports grants from the Irish Research Council, Science Foundation Ireland, Anabio, and the Health Research Board. He serves on advisory boards and speakers panels of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Glia, Irish Life Health, and Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax, Zealand Pharma, and Rhythm Pharma. ClR is a member of the Irish Society for Nutrition and Metabolism outside the area of work commented on here. He was the chief medical officer and director of the Medical Device Division of Keyron in 2021. Both of these are unremunerated positions. ClR was a previous investor in Keyron, which develops endoscopically implantable medical devices intended to mimic the surgical procedures of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. No patients have been included in any of Keyron’s studies and they are not listed on the stock market. ClR was gifted stock holdings in September 2021 and divested all stock holdings in Keyron in September, 2021. He continues to provide scientific advice to Keyron for no remuneration. ClR provides obesity clinical care in the Beyond BMI clinic and is a shareholder in the clinic. ADM reports research funding from Novo Nordisk, Fractyl and Randox.