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Authors
Ali, Ridda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7193-1265
Prestwich, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-6415
Ge, Jiaqi
Griffiths, Claire
Allmendinger, Richard
Shahgholian, Azar
Chen, Yu-wang
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-2718
Gilthorpe, Mark S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-7695
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2024
Revised: 22 January 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2025
First Online: 8 March 2025
Competing interests
: MSG is a director of Causal Insights Solutions Ltd, which provides causal inference training; the company and the author may therefore benefit from any study that demonstrates the value of causal inference methods. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: The anonymised datasets from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) cohort surveys can be accessed through the UK Data Service website and ethical approval was received from a UK Multicentre Research Ethics Committee.
