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Authors
Qiu, Chenyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-0166
Liao, Jiawen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-0542
Gheissari, Roya
Li, Claire
Kapai, Anika
Conti, David V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-7833
Jones, Dean P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2090-0677
Bastain, Theresa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-5641
Breton, Carrie V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6082-4066
Chen, Zhanghua
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2024
Revised: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2025
First Online: 17 April 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. All authors were involved in writing the paper and had final approval of the submitted and published versions.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, as approved by the University of Southern California’s Institutional Review Board (IRB).
: The study protocol was approved by the University of Southern California’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Written informed consent and HIPAA authorization to access medical records of pregnant women and their newborns were obtained at study entry and signed by the women before their enrollment.
