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Authors
Wang, Xiaoling
Nie, Jing
Niu, Chao
Qiu, Yuan
Xu, Zeru
Zhu, Hong
Wang, Jian
Chen, Zimiao
Li, Xiaokun
Chen, Xiong https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5620-6785
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2024
Revised: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 19 May 2025
First Online: 27 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for this study because it analyzed fully anonymized, publicly available data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). The use of these datasets is exempt from ethics review under IHME’s data use policy and institutional guidelines, as no personal identifiers were present and no human subjects were directly involved. All methods complied with applicable national/international research regulations.
