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Article History

Received: 28 December 2024

Revised: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study adheres to the STROBE-MR guidelines. Each included GWAS was conducted with institutional review board approval and informed participant consent. The MoBa study protocol was approved by the administrative board of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, with data collection authorized by the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics (approval number: 2012/67). The UK Biobank received ethics approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee. The FinnGen GWAS data were approved by the Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS; approval number: HUS/990/2017). The GWAS data for adolescent BMI from the EGG Consortium were obtained from ethically approved studies, with each contributing cohort receiving approval from its respective local ethics committee. Other datasets used (GTEx, eQTLGen, and tissue weight data) are publicly available summary-level data generated from studies conducted under appropriate ethical approvals and informed consent. No new ethical approval was required for this analysis.