Varghese, Jithin Sam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-9897
Goldsmith, David R.
Cotes, Robert O.
Ravikumar, Vishnu
Ali, Mohammed K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-2503
Pasquel, Francisco J.
Article History
Received: 18 April 2025
Revised: 9 July 2025
Accepted: 4 August 2025
First Online: 15 August 2025
Competing interests
: ROC has received research funding (to institution) from Otsuka, Karuna, Roche, and Alkermes. He is a consultant to IQVIA, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Syneos Health on behalf of the Clozapine Product Manufacturers Group. He is a speaker and consultant to Saladax Biomedical. MKA has served as a consultant for Eli Lilly. FJP has received research support through his institution from Dexcom, Tandem, Insulet, Novo Nordisk, and Ideal Medical Technologies, personal consulting fees from Dexcom, and has provided consulting services for Insulet (services paid to his institution). The authors declare no competing financial interests.
: We were exempt from ethical approval by the Emory University Institutional Review Board for the analysis of secondary data. All data in Epic Cosmos are HIPAA compliant and expert determined de-identified.