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Authors
Wu, Qingxu https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3291-7481
Shi, Beibei
Du, Litao
Jin, Wei
Chen, Jiping
Xue, Xiangli
Pan, Yang
Chen, Si
Zhang, Xianliang
He, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-0200
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Article History
Received: 22 February 2025
Revised: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 13 August 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study protocol for the US NHANES was approved by the US NHANES institutional review board and National Center for Health Statistics Research ethics review board (Protocol #2011-17). All participants provided written informed consent. Institutional review board approval was exempted for this study because of the publicly available and deidentified data.
