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Authors
Mäkinen, Ville-Petteri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-2656
Zhao, Siyu
Ihanus, Andrei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-7449
Tynkkynen, Tuulia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-7345
Ala-Korpela, Mika https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1206
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Article History
Received: 13 April 2025
Revised: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 13 August 2025
First Online: 19 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted on existing datasets that were collected according to local guidelines and regulations that govern biomedical studies and their methodology. The NFBC66 study was approved by the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District Ethical Committee, Finland (94/2011, Dec 12th 2011). The UK Biobank was approved by the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (21/NW/0157, Jun 29th 2021) with details available online []. All participants gave written informed consent.
