Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Revised: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 15 November 2025
Competing interests
: MS and CR declare no conflicts of interest. AB declares researcher-led grants from the National Institute for Health Research, Rosetrees Trust, MRC, INNOVATE UK, British Dietetic Association, British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, BBRSC, the Office of Health Improvement and Disparities and Novo Nordisk. AB reports honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Nutricia and Mac Nutrition outside the submitted work and is on the Medical Advisory Board and shareholder of Reset Health Clinics Ltd.