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Authors
Padmapriya, Natarajan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-6316
Sadananthan, Suresh Anand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-1694
Michael, Navin
Tint, Mya-Thway https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9548-7186
Tan, Sarah Yi Xuan
Chia, Airu
Kway, Yeshe Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6726-2425
Cai, Shirong
Toh, Jia Ying https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-7465
Tan, Kok Hian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-0266
Chong, Yap Seng
Lee, Yung Seng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-0557
Yap, Fabian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-7958
Chong, Mary F-F
Godfrey, Keith M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-0618
Eriksson, Johan G.
Bernard, Jonathan Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-983X
Velan, S. Sendhil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-0722
Müller-Riemenschneider, Falk
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Article History
Received: 19 May 2025
Revised: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Competing interests
: KMG receiving reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products. KMG, YSC and SYC report being part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestle and Danone. No other disclosures were reported.
: All participating women signed written informed consent for themselves and on behalf of their offspring at enrolment. The study received ethical approval from the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (D/2009/021, B/2014/00406 and D/2010/210) and the SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (CIRB 2018/2767 and CIRB 2018/3138). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
