Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 May 2025

Revised: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethics approval and consent to participate. Written informed consent and assent were obtained from the parent/guardian and adolescent, respectively, to participate in the ABCD Study. The University of California, San Diego provided centralized institutional review board (IRB) approval and each participating site received local IRB approval: •Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. •Florida International University, Miami, Florida. •Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma. •Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. •Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. •SRI International, Menlo Park, California. •University of California San Diego, San Diego, California. •University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. •University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado. •University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. •University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland. •University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. •University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. •University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. •University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. •University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. •University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. •University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. •Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. •Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. •Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.