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Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) to understand how obesity risk varies according to multiple lifestyle behavior recommendations

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-02010-1

Published Online: 2026-01-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Swain, Ansuman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-7921
Pearson, Natalie

Willis, Scott A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-1427
Johnson, William https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0347-4354
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-07

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-07
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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Revised: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and the UK Biobank ethical and governance frameworks. The UK Biobank obtained research ethical approval from the Northwest Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 11/NW/0382). The present study was conducted under the UK Biobank application number 80843. Informed consent was obtained by the UK Biobank from all participants at recruitment, including consent for follow-up and linkage to health-related records.

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