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Article History

Received: 13 May 2025

Revised: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Competing interests

: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. MN, LN, TP, MDR, and HTB are employees for Perspectum, a company that has developed LiverMultiScan, a UKCA and FDA 510(k)–cleared medical device for liver health measurements that was used in the imaging sub-study of the UK Biobank. HTB and MDR are also shareholders of Perspectum. LN and TP were employees of Perspectum during this work and Carlos Duncker became an employee of Perspectum after this work was completed. ELT and JDB are consultants for Perspectum. LMK is a consultant to Altimmune, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytoki, Helicore, Johnson & Johnson, Kallyope, Eli Lilly & Company, MetaVia, Neurogastrx, Novo Nordisk, Oxford Medical Products, Perspectum, Pfizer, Skye Bioscience and Zealand. SBH is on the medical advisory boards of Lilly, Abbott, Tanita Corp., Novo Nordisk, and Regeneron. The remaining authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.