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Authors
Chen, Fuling https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-8412
Melton, Phillip E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-2964
Vinsen, Kevin
Mori, Trevor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-9229
Beilin, Lawrence https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-7360
Huang, Rae-Chi
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Revised: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study, utilizing de-identified data from the Raine Study Gen2 cohort, received an exemption from ethics review by the University of Western Australia’s Human Research Ethics Office (Ref: 2025/ET000396, April 28, 2025), as no new data from human subjects were collected. Informed consent was obtained from participants’ guardians during the original Raine Study, adhering to institutional protocols. Data privacy and confidentiality were ensured through de-identification and secure storage, compliant with Australian data protection guidelines. No compensation was provided to participants, as the study relied on existing data.
