Standen, Erin C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-7038
Phelan, Sean M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2091-6297
Tomiyama, A. Janet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-5813
Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Revised: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This work was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Los Angeles approved all study procedures (#24-000917). All participants provided informed consent. Study hypotheses and analytic plans were pre-registered via the Open Science Framework prior to data collection and can be found on our project page ( ).