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Authors
Hammad, Nour M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-7261
Romieu, Isabelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8552-5273
Czernichow, Sébastien https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7353-2532
Williams, Julianne
Belaabd, Abrar M. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2576-280X
Tobias, Deirdre K.
Leung, Cindy W.
Kenney, Erica L.
Hu, Frank B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8233-6274
Willett, Walter C.
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Revised: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Competing interests
: SC declares consulting fees and honoraria outside the submitted paper from: Novo Nordisk A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Amgen, J&J, and Fresenius. He holds shares from mygoodlife and Alifert. The other authors declare no competing financial interests. Disclaimer: The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the World Health Organization.
: The study was performed in compliance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation. This study was considered exempt by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health institutional review board. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
