Xia, Tong
Nianogo, Roch A.
Yu, QingZhao
Horwich, Tamara
Srikanthan, Preethi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-3407
Inoue, Kosuke
Allison, Matthew
Zhang, Zuo-Feng
Szklo, Moyses
Watson, Karol E.
Chen, Liwei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-5661
Article History
Received: 12 July 2025
Revised: 24 February 2026
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 8 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at each field center and the data coordinating center. Each Institutional Review Board is certified by the U.S. Office of Human Research Protections: Wake Forest University (IRB number IRB00008492 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00001435), Columbia University (IRB number IRB00002973 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00002636), Johns Hopkins University (IRB number 00001656 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00005752), University of Minnesota (IRB number IRB00000438 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00000312), Northwestern University (IRB number IRB00005003 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00001549), University of California Los Angeles (IRB number 00000172 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00004642), University of Washington (IRB number IRB00005647 under Federal-wide Assurance- FWA00006878). All participants provided written informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.