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Authors
Sawczuk, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-132X
Greatwood, Hannah C.
Gilthorpe, Mark S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-7695
Morris, Michelle A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9325-619X
Jenneson, Victoria
Wilkins, Emma
Green, Mark A.
Johnstone, Alexandra M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5484-292X
Griffiths, Claire
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Competing interests
: This work was conducted in partnership with a large UK grocery retailer. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the decision to publish the results; but are directly recognised through acknowledgement and did contribute to the final version of the manuscript. MSG is a director of Causal Insights Solutions Ltd, which provides causal inference research and training; the company and the author may therefore benefit from any study that demonstrates the value of causal inference methods. MAM is an inventor shareholder at Dietary Assessment Ltd, but to date has not received any income from the company and has no role in running the company.
