Obeso, Alvaro https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1739-0408
Drouard, Gabin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-8483
Jelenkovic, Aline
Medda, Emanuela
Fagnani, Corrado
Toccaceli, Virgilia
Latvala, Antti
Aaltonen, Sari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-4263
Medland, Sarah E.
Gordon, Scott D.
Lee, Jooyeon
Lee, Soo Ji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-6039
Sung, Joohon
Pyun, Hyojin
Duncan, Glen E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6909-1869
Buchwald, Dedra
Ordoñana, Juan R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-6017
Sánchez-Romera, Juan F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-6216
Carrillo, Eduvigis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-4422
Franz, Carol E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1755
Kremen, William S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8629-5609
Corley, Robin P.
Huibregtse, Brooke M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-7249
Magnusson, Patrik KE https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-7899
Karlsson, Ida K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3605-7829
Dahl Aslan, Anna K.
Lyons, Michael J.
Bartels, Meike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-7555
Ligthart, Lannie
de Geus, Eco J. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-2666
Gatz, Margaret https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9970
Butler, David A.
Pool, René
Eriksson, Anders
Bruins, Susanne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-7075
Martin, Nicholas G.
Boomsma, Dorret I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-7972
Kaprio, Jaakko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2455
Silventoinen, Karri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-3079
Article History
Received: 27 December 2025
Revised: 21 April 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The pooled analysis was approved by the ethical board of the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki. The data collection procedures of participating twin cohorts were approved by local ethical boards following the regulation in each country. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the respective institutional and national research committees. Only anonymized data were delivered to the data management centre at University of Helsinki.