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Authors
Ko, Tak Ying Louise https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-154X
Contreras, Francisca https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1031-7690
Al-Najim, Werd https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0020-4391
le Roux, Carel W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5521-5445
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Revised: 16 June 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 23 July 2026
Ethics
Funding: This manuscript is part of the Stratification of Obesity Phenotypes to Optimize Future Obesity Therapy (SOPHIA) project ( ). SOPHIA has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 875534. This Joint Undertaking support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and T1D Exchange, JDRF, and Obesity Action Coalition. It should be made clear in the text and layout that the communication reflects the author’s view and that neither IMI nor the European Union, EFPIA, or any Associated Partners are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Open Access funding provided by the IReL Consortium.
Competing interests: ClR reports grants from the Irish Research Council, Science Foundation Ireland, Anabio, and the Health Research Board. He serves on advisory boards of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Glia, Keyron, and Boehringer Ingelheim. ClR is a member of the Irish Society for Nutrition and Metabolism outside the area of work commented on here. He was the chief medical officer and director of the Medical Device Division of Keyron in 2021. Both of these are unremunerated positions. No patients have been included in any of Keyron’s studies and they are not listed on the stock market. ClR was gifted stock holdings in September 2021 and divested all stock holdings in Keyron in September 2021. He continues to provide scientific advice to Keyron for no remuneration. Other authors have no conflicting interests to declare that may influence their judgments on what is published.
Ethics: This study was granted ethical approval by UCD Human Research Ethics Board Committee (Reference HS-20-12-McGillicuddy) and patients provided written informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
