Gu, Xiuge
Wei, Wei
Wu, Chuan
Sun, Jing
Wu, Xiaoshan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7003-0884
Shen, Zongshan
Zhou, Hanzhang
Zhang, Chunmei
Wang, Jinsong
Hu, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-3707
Chen, Suwen
Zhang, Yuanyuan
Wang, Songlin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2654
Zhang, Ran
Article History
Received: 6 December 2024
Revised: 20 April 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2025
First Online: 9 May 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The present study is approved by the Ethics Commission of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University (CMU) (2021-P2-198-02), the Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health (BLOH), CMU (Z2022SY064), and the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital (BOGH), CMU (2023-KY-082-01). Human fetal tissues were initially collected from BOGH and CMU, and were obtained under informed consent from donors. All human fetal tissues came from aborted fetuses for family planning purposes.