Wang, Ruyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-1708
Li, Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-7649
Tan, Bowen
Li, Shijia
Wu, Yanting https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2223-1630
Chen, Yao
Qian, Yuran
Wang, Haochen
Li, Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-9098
Zhao, Zhihe
Yuan, Quan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2836-1081
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371003)
Elite Research Grant of International Orthodontics Foundation 2022
Article History
Received: 8 December 2024
Revised: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 30 June 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.