Li, Shiwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-2416
Oliva, Paulina
Zhang, Lu
Goodrich, Jesse A.
McConnell, Rob
Conti, David V.
Chatzi, Lida
Aung, Max
Article History
Received: 11 August 2024
Revised: 13 December 2024
Accepted: 23 December 2024
First Online: 9 January 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered potential competing interests: LC has served as an expert consultant for plaintiffs in litigation related to PFAS-contaminated drinking water. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: All study protocols were reviewed and approved by the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (UP-24-00198). Informed consent was waived (determined by the Institutional Review Board) per 45 CFR 46.102 (e)(1), as the project does not include information or biospecimens obtained through intervention or interaction with the individuals, and does not use, study, or analyze information or biospecimens or does not obtain, use, study, analyze, or generate identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens.