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Investigating the association between groundwater contaminants and hypertension risk in India: a machine learning-based analysis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-025-00776-0

Published Online: 2025-06-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Biswas, Sourav https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2715-2704
Chattopadhyay, Aparajita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-4268
Schilling, Kathrin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-0298
Das, Ayushi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-9878
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-06-04

Version of Record valid from 2025-06-04
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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Revised: 17 April 2025

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is based on secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymized data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), which is the Indian version of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The survey protocol, including procedures for data collection and informed consent, received ethical approval from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations. The NFHS-5 data were collected following strict ethical standards, including obtaining verbal and written informed consent from all participants prior to their inclusion in the survey. In cases involving minors, informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian. As the study involved secondary, de-identified data, no additional ethical approval or anonymization was required. The dataset is publicly available and can be accessed at: . No identifiable images or personal details of participants were used; hence, consent for publication is not applicable.

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