Franklin, Meredith https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3802-8829
Yin, Xiaozhe
Korpak, Anna
Blanc, Paul D.
Koutrakis, Petros
Garshick, Eric
Article History
Received: 24 September 2024
Revised: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human subjects. Access to military base geospatial information fell under CSP #595, a study approved by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Central Institutional Review Board (protocol number 1613196). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.