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Authors
Klein, Rachel A.
Liu, Shelley H.
Braun, Joseph M.
Manz, Katherine E.
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Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Revised: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Competing interests
: Joseph M. Braun was financially compensated for his services as an expert witness for plaintiffs in litigation related to drinking water contaminated by per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). All other authors declare they have nothing to disclose.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. This manuscript evaluated data from published manuscripts. The authors of this paper were not involved in participant recruitment or data collection. No new data was collected as a part of this secondary analysis and the published studies were responsible for obtaining ethics approval and informed consent from all participants. No images contain identifiable images from human research participants.
