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Authors
Lipner, Ettie M. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6212-0240
Powell, Collin
Nelson, Stephen
Fintzi, Jonathan R.
French, Joshua P.
Mercaldo, Rachel A.
Falkinham, Joseph O. III
Rebecca Prevots, D.
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Revised: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 8 September 2025
First Online: 16 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations by the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Office of Human Subjects Research Protection (OHSRP). The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the NIH follows all international ethics rules, regulations, and standards. This research was reviewed by the NIH OHSRP, which determined that analyses of CF and CMS data was “not human subjects research”, under the 2018 HHS Common Rule (45 CFR 46.102(e) [1](ii), 45 CFR 46.116(b)[9](i)), because of the use of deidentified data and, accordingly, exempt from IRB review.
