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Authors
Binczewski, Natalie R.
Morimoto, Libby M.
Wiemels, Joseph L.
Richardson, David B.
Bartell, Scott M.
Metayer, Catherine
Vieira, Veronica M.
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Revised: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Competing interests
: Scott M. Bartell has served as a compensated expert witness for PFOA medical monitoring lawsuits in New Hampshire. The terms of this arrangement were reviewed and approved by the University of California, Irvine in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies.
: The study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards at the California Department of Public Health (protocol #2021-138), the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, Irvine. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
