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Authors
Chambers, Tim
Hales, Simon
Pourzand, Farnaz
Dean, Frank
Kim, Alice Hyun Min
Puente-Sierra, Mario
Marek, Lukas
Hobbs, Matt
Baker, Michael G.
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Revised: 15 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Otago Human Health Ethics Committee (HD24/006) as minimal risk health research. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study used routinely collected, de-identified surveillance data obtained from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (EpiSurv), operated by the New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science (PHF Science) for the Ministry of Health. Access to the data was approved by the Ministry of Health and PHF Science. As the study involved secondary analysis of routinely collected and fully de-identified data, informed consent from individual participants was not required and was formally waived by the approving ethics committee.
