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Authors
Jung, Kyung Hwa
Vargas, Justin D.
Beshah, Samrie
Burkle, Jeffery
Manning, Erika Rasnick
Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L.
Quinn, James
Brokamp, Cole
Stingone, Jeanette A.
Herbstman, Julie
Miller, Rachel L.
Oken, Emily
Ryan, Patrick H.
Gern, James E.
Lovinsky-Desir, Stephanie
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was reviewed and approved by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (protocol IRB-AAAT8695). As this research involved secondary analysis of existing, de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
