Meade, Annabel
Schacht, Celia M.
Evans, Marina V.
George, Alex
Cogbill, Rachael
Sayre, Risa R.
Wambaugh, John F.
Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Revised: 12 March 2026
Accepted: 29 March 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The chemical-specific in vitro measurements are based on previously published experiments using human primary cells. In the previously published studies, the vendors providing the cells had obtained relevant consent. ThermoFisher states that “Yes, we comply with country-specific legal and ethical standards for procurement of human liver tissue, including the global ICH Guidelines, and the US’s HIPAA, Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, National Organ Transplant Act, and Hospital Internal Review Board (IRB) approval processes.” The chemical-specific in vivo data measurements are from experiments that have been curated from the literature [28]. The names of the IRB’s used by the vendors in the literature studies are not available.
: The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views or the policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.