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Authors
Ji, Xiaowen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0507-7520
Shear, Matthew
Abrahamsson, Dimitri
Edwards, Julian
Wang, Miaomiao
Robinson, Joshua F.
Park, June-Soo
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Revised: 29 March 2026
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Competing interests
: The author declares no competing interests.
: This study involved analysis of de-identified amniotic fluid samples collected independently by clinical staff at UCSF in accordance with all institutional policies, regulations, and standard clinical procedures. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. As this work is a secondary exposome analysis with no direct interaction with human subjects and no identifiable personal information, it is considered no risk and does not require additional ethical approval beyond existing UCSF oversight.
