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Authors
Vogel, Taylor https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1434-0296
Riley, Kylie W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-2826
Samon, Sam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-8179
Anderson, Kim A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5258-2925
Armstrong, Georgina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9981-0315
Barton, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-9109
Bondy, Melissa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-414X
Bramer, Lisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-1926
Calero, Lehyla
Cassidy-Bushrow, Andrea E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4448
Dixon, Holly M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-4477
Herbstman, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-163X
Leach, Carrie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-5910
Oluyomi, Abiodun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-6941
Straughen, Jennifer K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-524X
Waters, Katrina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-5396
Rohlman, Diana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3982-0327
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Revised: 22 May 2026
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Competing interests
: KAA and DR, coauthors for this research, disclose a financial interest in MyExposome Inc., which markets products related to the reported research. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by Oregon State University in accordance with its policy on research conflicts of interest. All other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest related to this work to disclose.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Human subjects data in this study was obtained across three distinct studies, which had inter-university collaboration. Data from the Fair Start study was reviewed by the IRB at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (#AAAK6753). Data from the Houston 3H studies was reviewed by the Oregon State University IRB (#2019-0332), Baylor College of Medicine IRB (#H-42111), University of Texas, Health IRB (#HSC-SPH-17-0846). Data from the CLEAR study was reviewed by the Henry Ford Health IRB (#13306) and Wayne State University IRB (#2021137). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Across all studies, participants were informed during informed consent that de-identified data would be published and made available to other researchers through publication in open access journals. All participants consented to this use of their data.
