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Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Revised: 10 April 2026

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Ethics statement

: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available aggregated data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. No primary data collection involving human subjects was performed. As this research used only de‑identified, publicly accessible datasets, no additional ethical approval was required. All methods performed in this secondary analysis were in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The authors declare competing interests.