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Authors
Balthazaar, Shane J. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-2898
Walter, Matthias
Jutzeler, Catherine R.
Maharaj, Andrea L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-7841
Krassioukov, Andrei V.
Nightingale, Tom E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (17767)
Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (17110)
Heart Research UK (RG2698/21/23)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PZ00P3_186101)
Wings for Life (2024_301)
International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia (P192)
Allergan (PG-2020-10932)
Pfizer (205857)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (TCA118348)
Ministry of Technology, Innovation and Citizens' Services | British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund (35869)
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (G-16-00012571)
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2025
Revised: 3 June 2026
Accepted: 1 July 2026
First Online: 9 July 2026
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval for this study was obtained and details of each study are provided in Supplementary Table . All participants provided informed consent prior to participation.
: SJTB has received compensation from Sanofi Genzyme, a division of Sanofi-Aventis Canada Inc., as a scientific expert for a preceptorship program between 2021 and 2023; however, this role had no influence on the design, conduct, or reporting of this study. MW served as a consultant to Coloplast between 2022 and 2024; however, this role had no influence on the design, conduct, or reporting of this study. CRJ serves as a scientific consultant to Abbvie and Mitsubishi Takeda; however, this role had no influence on the design, conduct, or reporting of this study. AVK has received personal compensation for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for ONWARD Medical Inc; however, this role had no influence on the design, conduct, or reporting of this study.
