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Authors
RIAR, Sandeep K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-5277
BATISKY, Donald L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-1888
GILLESPIE, Scott https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-3602
SOUTH, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-4142
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Article History
Received: 12 December 2025
Revised: 7 July 2026
Accepted: 22 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: SK Riar owns stock (CVS). Stocks owned in the past 3 years: ABT, ABBV, AMGN, BAX, BSX, CI, CVS, DGX, DVA, DXCM, HCA, INVITAE, ISRG, JNJ, LLY, NSRGY, NTRA, NVO, PPH, REGN, TEM, UNH, WGS, VRTX, WRBY). DL Batisky and S Gillespie have no disclosures. AM South has the following disclosures: Grants: NIH: R01HL146818, K23HL148394, R01HL164434 Advisory board (all past): Travere Therapeutics, Inc.; MJH Life Sciences; IDORSIA Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.; Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd. Consultant (all past): Techspert.IO; Conjupro Biotherapeutics, Inc.
Ethical approval: NHANES data collection is approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board (protocol #2011 − 17 for years 2011 − 2016, #2011 − 17 followed by #2018 − 01 for the year 2017 and #2018-01 for years 2018 − 2020). The Review Board ensures that research involving human participants confirms to United States federal regulations. Parental informed consent and participant assent were obtained for 7–17-year-old subjects.
