Chou, Fu-Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-0580
Yeh, Hung-Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9904-3275
Hsueh, Crystal
Zhang, Jing
Villosis, Maria Fe B.
Barseghyan, Karine
Lakshmanan, Ashwini
Clark, Reese H.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kaiser Permanente Southern California Clinician Investigator Program
Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Revised: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 12 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This data-only study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Southern California Kaiser Permanente, with an exemption from the requirement for informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.