Austin, Krystal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-6293
Smith, Olga
McLemore, Monica
Lewis, Sarah
McKenzie-Sampson, Safyer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-9634
Washington, Taylor E.
Rogers, Elizabeth E.
Karvonen, Kayla L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-6697
Funding for this research was provided by:
UCSF School of Nursing Clinical Nursing Research Grant
California Preterm Birth Initiative (PTBi-CA); UCSF School of Nursing Clinical Nursing Research Grant
Article History
Received: 23 February 2025
Revised: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 6 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.