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Article History

Received: 4 March 2025

Revised: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 11 September 2025

Competing interests

: KG is a consultant for Bioporto Diagnostics. Bioporto Diagnostics did not contribute to study design, and KMG did not receive any compensation for participating in this study. DA reports receiving grants from Nuwellis, Baxter, Medtronic, Bioporto, Portero, and Leadiant; personal fees from Baxter, Nuwellis, Seastar, and Bioporto, outside the submitted work; holding a patent for a urine collection device; holding a licensed patent for enhancements to continuous renal replacement therapy; and serving as Founder and Chief Scientific Officer for Zorro-Flow, Inc. None of the other authors have any conflict of interest to declare for this study. The funder did not have any role in the (1) study design; (2) the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; (3) the writing of the report; and (4) the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the University of Washington Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board. Participants gave informed consent for the parent study as well as all secondary analyses.

: A prospective study, collecting robust data on serum creatinine levels, urine output, and nephrotoxic drug exposures in ELGAN, as well as infectious risk factors like central line/catheter days and nutritional status, would be highly valuable.