Hall, Richard W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3264-3217
Babineau, Denise C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-9080
Bangdiwala, Ananta S.
Rhodes, Evan
Venable, Tara https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5175-0960
Asher, Clare Campbell
Ambalavanan, Namasivayam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-9092
Davis, Jonathan M.
Adeniyi-Jones, Susan
Leeman, Lawrence
Das, Abhik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-0479
Crawford, Margaret
Trochinski, Lillian
Merhar, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-4220
Sokol, Gregory M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2917-1423
Lorch, Scott A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3855-6752
Devlin, Lori A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-4733
,
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24HD107621)
NIH HEAL initiative
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NICHD | National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (U24HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NICHD | National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (U24HD107621)
NIH Heal initiative
NIH Heal Initiative
Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Revised: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Advarra institutional review board (IRB) served as the central IRB for this study with reliance agreements for all sites. This study was deemed minimal risk and approved to be conducted under waiver of consent. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.