Berger, Paige K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-5147
Kuncham, Manasa
Ong, Margaret L.
Bell, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-0667
Lee, Anne CC
Sen, Sarbattama
Furst, Annalee
Bode, Lars
Belfort, Mandy B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-3313
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD098288)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD091390)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1211778)
Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Revised: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was approved by the Partners Human Research Committee and parents of participating infants provided written informed consent. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.