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Authors
Frankeberger, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-1304
Matoba, Nana
Baer, Rebecca J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-1977
Chambers, Christina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA052142)
Study of Mothers and Infants (SOMI) at the University of California San Diego
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Revised: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All study protocols were approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (CPHS) within the Health and Human Services Agency (HHSA) of the State of California and the Institutional Review Board at the University of California San Diego. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and we received a waiver for informed consent due to the nature of the administrative dataset and minimal risk of the study.
